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Buckingham is a town in north Buckinghamshire, England, close to the borders of Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire. The town has a population of 12,043 (United Kingdom Census 2011). Buckingham is also a civil parish designated as a town council. Buckingham was declared the county town of Buckinghamshire in the 10th century when it was made the capital of the newly formed shire of Buckingham〔('The borough of Buckingham' )Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 471-489. Retrieved 14 December 2010.〕 until Aylesbury took over this role early in the 18th century.〔"A new County Hall, a red brick building with stone dressings, said to have been designed by Sir John Vanbrugh, at the south-east end of the Market Square (), was built about 1727' ('The borough of Aylesbury: Introduction and borough' )Victoria History of the Counties of England:A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 1-11. Retrieved 14 December 2010.〕 Buckingham has a variety of restaurants and pubs, typical of a small market town. It has a number of local shops, both national and independent. Market days are Tuesday and Saturday which take over Market Hill and the High Street cattle pens. Buckingham is twinned with Mouvaux, France. == History == Buckingham and the surrounding area has been settled for some time with evidence of Roman settlement found in several sites close the River Great Ouse, including a temple south of the A421 at Bourton Grounds which was excavated in the 1960s and dated to the 3rd century AD. A possible Roman building was identified at Castle Fields in the 19th century. Pottery, kiln furniture and areas of burning found at Buckingham industrial estate suggest the site of some early Roman pottery kilns here. In the 7th century, Buckingham, literally "meadow of Bucca's people"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Buckingham then: The beginning to the Norman Conquest )〕 is said to have been founded by Bucca, the leader of the first Anglo Saxon settlers.〔 The first settlement was located around the top of a loop in the River Great Ouse, presently the Hunter Street campus of the University of Buckingham. Between the 7th century and the 11th century, the town of Buckingham regularly changed hands between the Saxons and the Danes, in particular, in 914 King Edward the Elder and a Saxon army encamped in Buckingham for four weeks forcing local Danish Viking leaders to surrender.〔 Subsequently a fort was constructed at the location of the present Buckingham parish church.〔 Buckingham is the first settlement referred to in the Buckinghamshire section of the Domesday Book of 1086.〔Morris, John (editor). ''Domesday Book 13: Buckinghamshire (translation)''. Phillimore, 1978〕 Buckingham was referred to as Buckingham with Bourton, and the survey makes reference to 26 burgesses, 11 smallholders and 1 mill. The town received its charter in 1554 when Queen Mary created the free borough of Buckingham with boundaries extending from Thornborowe Bridge (now Thornborough) to Dudley Bridge and from Chackmore Bridge to Padbury Mill Bridge. The designated borough included a bailiff, twelve principal burgesses and a steward.〔''1911 Encyclopædia Britannica'' Buckingham〕 The town suffered from a significant fire that raged through the town centre on 15 March 1725,〔M Vernon & D Bonner ''Buckingham A History of a Country Market Town'' (1984). Grillford Ltd〕 with the result that many of the main streets of the town were destroyed including Castle Street, Castle Hill and the north side of Market Hill. The result was 138 dwellings (out of a total of 387 in the town at that time) being consumed in the fire. The current fine range of Georgian architecture in these streets today is as a direct result of that fire, but the immediate aftermath was difficult for the town. Collections were made in surrounding towns such as Aylesbury and Wendover to help those made homeless and by 1730, only a third of the homes had been rebuilt. Due to many buildings being considered to be of historic interest, a number of them have been granted 'listed building' status. In 1971, Buckinghamshire County Council set up the Buckingham Development Company with other local councils, and undertook a signifiant project to grow the town and provide a bypass, mainly to the south and east of the historic town centre. The population rose from just over 5,000 to 9,309 in 1991. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Buckingham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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